Department of Defense
Coral Reef Initiative Database
Marine Conservation Topics
Human Effects
Where noted, some referenced documents are available. To view a document, click on the hyperlink following the reference; hyperlinks will turn red when the mouse pointer is on them.
Abelson, A., R. Olinky and S. Gaines. 2005. Coral recruitment to the reefs of Eilat, Red Sea: temporal and spatial variation, and possible effects of anthropogenic disturbances. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50: 576-582.
Al-Otaibi, Y, M Ait Belaid, and A Abdu. 2006. Impact assessment of human activities on coastal zones of Eastern Saudi Arabia using remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques. Proceedings of the ISPRS Commission VII Mid-term Symposium Remote Sensing: from Pixels to Processes: 756-760.
Dawson Shepherd, AR, RM Warwick, KR Clarke, and BE Brown. 1992. An analysis of fish community responses to coral mining in the Maldives. Environmental Biology of Fishes 33: 367-380.
Epstein, N., M. J. A. Vermeij, R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2005. Alleviating impacts of anthropogenic activities by traditional conservation measures: can a small reef reserve be sustainedly managed? Biological Conservation 121(2): 243-255.
Fichez, R., P. A. Harris, J. M. Fernandez, C. Chevillon and C. Badie. 2005. Sediment records of past anthropogenic environmental changes in a barrier reef lagoon (Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia). Marine Pollution Bulletin 50(5): 599-608.
Glynn, PW. 1994. State of coral reefs in the Galapagos Islands: Natural vs. anthropogenic impacts. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 29:1-3: 131-140.
Graham, N. A. J., T. R. McClanahan, Y. Letourneur and R. Galzin. 2007. Anthropogenic Stressors, Inter-Specific Competition and ENSO Effects on a Mauritian Coral Reef. Environmental Biology of Fishes 78(1):57-69.
Heikoop, J. M., M. J. Risk, A. V. Lazier, E. N. Edinger, J. Jompa, G. V. Limmon, J. J. Dunn, D. R. Browne and H. P. Schwarcz. 2000. Nitrogen-15 signals of anthropogenic nutrient loading in reef corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(7): 628-636.
Hodgson, G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38(5): 345-355.
Hughes, TP, AH Baird, DR Bellwood, M Card, SR Connolly, C Folke, R Grosberg, O Hoegh-Guldberg, JBC Jackson, J Kleypas, JM Lough, P Marshall, M Nystrom, SR Palumbi, JM Pandolfi, B Rosen, and J Roughgarden. 2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 301: 929-933.
Jaap, WC and HJ Harold. 2001. Coral reef restoration following anthropogenic disturbances. Bulletin of Marine Science 69(2): 333.
Kleypas, JA, JW McManus, and LAB Menez. 1999. Environmental limits to coral reef development: where do we draw the line? American Zoologist 39(1): 146-159.
Kline, D. I., N. Kuntz, M. Breitbart, J. Grayson, G. Mitchell, N. Knowlton, and F. Rohwer. 2006. Microbial imbalances on coral reefs: anthropogenic impacts and reef decline. Eos Trans. AGU, 87(36), Ocean Sci. Meet. Supp., Abstract OS53L-06.
Low, B., R. Costanza, E. Ostrom, J. Wilson and C. P. Simon. 1999. Human–ecosystem interactions: a dynamic integrated model. Ecological Economics 31:227-242.
Nuñez-Lara, E. J. E. Arias-González and P. Legendre. 2005. Spatial patterns of Yucatan reef fish communities: Testing models using a multi-scale survey design. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 324(2): 157-169.
Ramos, A. A. and Y. Inoue and S. Ohde. 2004. Metal contents in Porites corals: Anthropogenic input of river run-off into a coral reef from an urbanized area, Okinawa. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(3-4): 281-294.
Richmond, R. H. 1993. Coral reefs: present problems and future concerns resulting from anthropogenic disturbance. American Zoologist 33(6): 524-536.
Roberts, CM. 1995. Effects of fishing on the ecosystem structure of coral reefs. Conservation Biology 9(5): 988-995.
Rodgers, KS. 2001. A quantitative evaluation of trampling effects on Hawai’i’s coral reefs. Masters Thesis. Geography Department, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawai’i. 163 pp.
Rodgers, KS and EF Cox. 2003. The effects of trampling on Hawaiian coral along a gradient of human use. Biological Conservation 112:383-389.
Rodgers, KS and EF Cox. 2003. Effects of mechanical fracturing and experimental trampling on Hawaiian corals. Environmental Management 31: 377-384.
Saphier, A. D. and T. C. Hoffman. 2005. Forecasting models to quantify three anthropogenic stresses on coral reefs from marine recreation: Anchor damage, diver contact and copper emission from antifouling pain. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:590-598.
Sasal, P., D. Mouillot, R. Fichez, S. Chifflet and M. Kulbicki. 2007. The use of fish parasites as biological indicators of anthropogenic influences in coral-reef lagoons: A case study of Apogonidae parasites in New-Caledonia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54(11):1697- 1706.
Schroeder, RE and JD Parrish. 2005. Resilience of predators to fishing pressure on coral patch reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 321(2): 93-107.
Waddell, JE (ed.). 2005. The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2005. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 11. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 522 pp.
Yamamuro, M., H. Kayanne and H. Yamano. 2003. δ15N of seagrass leaves for monitoring anthropogenic nutrient increases in coral reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(4): 452-458.
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