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Marine Protected
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Marine Conservation Topics
Marine Protected Areas
Where noted, some referenced documents are available. To view a document, click on the hyperlink following the reference; hyperlinks will turn red when the mouse pointer is on them.
Marine protected areas recognized by the World Conservation Monitoring Center
Source: NOAA
Allison, G. W., J. Lubchenco and M. H. Carr. 1998. Marine Reserves are Necessary but not Sufficient for Marine Conservation. Ecological Applications 8(1) Supplement: S79-S92.
Aronson, R. and W. Precht. 2006. Conservation, precaution, and Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 25(3):441-450.
Arponen, A., R. K. Heikkinen, C. D. Thomas and A. Moilanen. 2005. The Value of Biodiversity in Reserve Selection: Representation, Species Weighting, and Benefit Functions. Conservation Biology 19(6): 2009-2014.
Aswani, S. and M. Lauer. 2006. Incorporating fishermen’s local knowledge and behavior into Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for designing marine protected areas in oceania. Human Organization 65(1):81-102.
Balmford, A., P. Gravestock, N. Hockley, C. J. McClean and C.M. Roberts. 2004. The worldwide costs of marine protected areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(26):9694-9697.
Barton, N. L. 2006. Methods for evaluating the potential effects of marine protected areas on adjacent fisheries. Master’s Thesis, Simon Fraser University.
Beger, M, GP Jones, and PL Munday. 2003. Conservation of coral reef biodiversity: a comparison of reserve selection procedures for corals and fishes. Biological Conservation 111:53-62.
Boersma, P. D. and J. K. Parrish. 1999. Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution. Ecological Economics 31:287-304.
Charton, J. A. G., I. D. Williams, A. P. Ruzafa, M. Milazzo, R. Chemello, C. Marcos, M.-S. Kitsos, A. Koukouras and S. Riggio. 2000. Evaluating the ecological effects of Mediterranean marine protected areas: habitat, scale and the natural variability of ecosystems. Environmental Conservation, 27, pp 159-178.
Christie, P., B. J. McCay, M. L. Miller, C. Lowe, A. T. White, R. Stoffle, D. L. Fluharty, L. T. McManus, R. Chuenpagdee, C. Pomeroy, D. O. Suman, B. G. Blount, D. Huppert, R. L. V. Eisma, E. Oracion, K. Lowry and R. B. Pollnac. 2003. Toward developing a complete understanding: a social science research agenda for marine protected areas. Fisheries 28(12)22-26.
Claudet, J., D. Pelletier, J.-Y. Jouvenel, F. Bachet and R. Galzin. 2006. Assessing the effects of marine protected area (MPA) on a reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean marine reserve: Identifying community-based indicators. Biological Conservation 130(3):349-369.
Davis, G. E. 2005. Science and Society: Marine Reserve Design for the California Channel Islands. Conservation Biology 19(6): 1745-1751.
Davos, C. A., K. Siakavara, A. Santorineou, J. Side, M. Taylor and P. Barriga. 2007. Zoning of marine protected areas: Conflicts and cooperation options in the Galapagos and San Andres archipelagos. Ocean & Coastal Management 50:223-252.
Dawson, M. N., R. K. Grosberg, L. W. Botsford, R. S. Steneck, R. K. Cowen, C. B. Paris and A. Srinivasan. 2006. Connectivity in marine protected areas. Science 313(5783):43-45.
Fernandes, L., J. day, A. Lewis, S. Slegers, B. Kerrigan, D. Breen, D. Cameron, B. Jago, J. Hall, D. Lowe, J. Innes, J. Tanzer, V. Chadwick, L. Thompson, K> Gorman, M. Simmons, B. Barnett, K. Sampson, G. De’ath, B. Mapstone, H. Marsh, H. Possingham, I. Ball, T. Ward, K. Dobbs, J. Aumend, D. Slater and K. Stapleton. 2005. Establishing Representative No-Take Areas in the Great Barrier Reef: Large-Scale Implementation of Theory on Marine Protected Areas. Conservation Biology 19(6):1733-1744.
Friedlander, A. M., E. K. Brown and M. E. Monaco. 2007. Coupling ecology and GIS to evaluate efficacy of marine protected areas in Hawaii. Ecological Applications 17(3):715-730.
Gerber, L. R., L. W. Botsford, A. Hastings, H. P. Possingham, S. D. Gaines, S. R. Palumbi and S. Andelman. 2003. Population models for marine reserve design: a retrospective and prospective synthesis. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S47-S64.
Hilborn, R., F. Micheli and G. A. De Leo. 2006. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63(3):642-649.
Kaiser, M. J. 2005. Are marine protected areas a red herring or fisheries panacea? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:1194-1199.
Kareiva, P. 2006. Conservation biology: beyond marine protected areas. Current Biology 16(14):R533-R535.
Kelleher, G. 1996. A global representative system of marine protected areas. Ocean & Coastal Management 32(2):123-126.
Langlois, T. J. and W. J. Ballantine. 2005. Marine Ecological Research in New Zealand: Developing Predictive Models through the Study of No-Take Marine Reserves. Conservation Biology 19(6): 1763-1770.
Leathwick, J., A. Moilanen, M. Francis, J. Elith, P. Taylor, K. Julian, T. Hastie and C. Duffy. 2008. Novel methods for the design and evaluation of marine protected areas in offshore waters. Conservation Letters 1(2):91-102.
Leslie, H. M. 2005. A Synthesis of Marine Conservation Planning Approaches. Conservation Biology 19(6): 1701-1713.
Lubchenco, J., S. R. Palumbi, S. D. Gaines and S. Andelman. 2003. Plugging a hole in the ocean: the emerging science of marine reserves. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S3-S7.
Lundquist, C. J. and E. F. Granek. 2005. Strategies for Successful Marine Conservation: Integrating Socioeconomic, Political, and Scientific Factors. Conservation Biology 19(6): 1771-1778.
McClanahan, T.R. and Mangi, S. 2001. The effect of a closed area and beach seine exclusion on coral reef fish catches. Fisheries Management and Ecology. 8: 107-121.
McClanahan, T. R., M. J. Mamane, J. E. Cinner and W. E. Kiene. 2006. A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management. Current Biology 16:1408-1413.
Micheli, F., L. Benedetti-Cecchi, S. Gambaccini, I. Bertocci, C. Borsini, G. C. Osio and F. Romano. 2005. Cascading human impacts, marine protected areas, and the structure of Mediterranean reef assemblages. Ecological Monographs 75(1):81-102.
Mora, C., S. Adrefouet, M. J. Costello, C. Kranenburg, A. Rollo, J. Veron, K. J. Gaston and R. A. Myers. 2006. Coral Reefs and the Global Network of Marine Protected Areas. Science 312(5781):1750-1751.
Orbach M, Karrer L (2010) Marine managed areas: what why and where. Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA. 16pp.
Pala, C. 2007. Palau combats coral bleaching. Science 316(5825):680.
Pitcher, T. J., E. A. Buchary and U. R. Sumalia. 2002. Spatial ecosystem simulation of no-take human-made reefs in marine protected areas: forecasting the costs and benefits in Hong Kong. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59:S17-S26.
Pomeroy, R. and T. Goetze. 2003. Belize case study: marine protected areas co-managed by Friends of Nature. Caribbean Coastal Co-management Guidelines Project, Caribbean Conservation Association, Barbados:69p.
Sale PF, Van Lavieren H, Ablan Lagman MC, Atema J, Butler M, Fauvelot C, Hogan JD, Jones GP, indeman KC, Paris CB, Steneck R, Stewart HL (2010) Preserving Reef Connectivity: A Handbook for Marine Protected Area Managers. Connectivity Working Group, Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program, UNU-INWEH.
Samoilys, M. A., K. M. Martin-Smith, B. G. Giles, B. Cabrera, J. A. Anticamara, E. O. Brunio and A. C. J. Vincent. 2007. Effectiveness of five small Philippines’ coral reef reserves for fish populations depends on site-specific factors, particularly enforcement history. Biological Conservation 136: 584-601.
Sumaila, U. R., S. Guenette, J. Alder, D. Pollard and R. Chuenpagdee. 1999. Marine protected areas and managing fished ecosystems. Report – Chr. Michelsen Institute for Development Studies and Human Rights (Norway).
Vollmer, S. V. and S. R. Palumbi. 2007. Restricted Gene Flow in the Caribbean Staghorn Coral Acropora cervicornis: Implications for the Recovery of Endangered Reefs. Journal of Heredity 98(1):40-50.
Walters, C. 2000. Impacts of dispersal, ecological interactions, and fishing effort dynamics on efficacy of marine protected areas: how large should protected areas be? Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3): 745-757.
Walters, C. J., R. Hilborn and R. Parrish. 2007. An equilibrium model for predicting the efficacy of marine protected areas in coastal environments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64:1009-1018.
Walters, C., D. Pauly and V. Christensen. 1999. Ecospace: Prediction of Mesoscale Spatial Patterns in Trophic Relationships of Exploited Ecosystems, with Emphasis on the Impacts of Marine Protected Areas. Ecosystems 2:539-554.
Wantiez, L., Thollot, P. and Kulbicki, M. 1997. Effects of marine reserves on coral reef fish communities from five islands in New Caledonia. Coral Reefs 16:215-224.
Ward, T. and E. Hegerl. 2003. Marine protected areas in ecosystem-based management of fisheries. Report – Department of the Environment and Heritage, Natural Heritage Trust, Commonwealth of Australia.
Westmacott, S., K. Teleki, S. Wells and J. M. West. 2000. Management of bleached and severely damaged coral reefs. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vi + 37 pp.
Wilkinson, C., A. Caillaud, L. DeVantier and R. South. 2006. Strategies to reverse the decline in valuable and diverse coral reefs, mangroves and fisheries: The bottom of the J-Curve in Southeast Asia? Ocean & Coastal Management 49:764-778.
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